Ma Kina, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "qi," ka hōʻailona no ke olakino. Ma ʻAigupita ua kapa ʻia ʻo "ankh," ka hōʻailona no ke ola mau loa. No ka poʻe Phoenicia, ua like ka ʻōlelo me ʻAphrodite—ke akua wahine o ke aloha a me ka nani.
Ua kuhikuhi kēia mau lāhui kahiko i ke keleawe, kahi mea i ʻike ʻia e nā moʻomeheu a puni ka honua he mea nui i ko kākou olakino no nā makahiki he 5,000 a ʻoi. Ke pae nā maʻi influenza, nā bacteria e like me E. coli, nā superbugs e like me MRSA, a i ʻole nā coronaviruses ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻili paʻakikī, hiki iā lākou ke ola a hiki i ʻehā a ʻelima mau lā. Akā ke pae lākou ma luna o ke keleawe, a me nā mea hoʻohui keleawe e like me ke keleawe, hoʻomaka lākou e make i loko o nā minuke a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia i loko o nā hola.
"Ua ʻike mākou i nā virus e pahū wale ana," wahi a Bill Keevil, polopeka o ke olakino kaiapuni ma ke Kulanui o Southampton. "Pae lākou ma luna o ke keleawe a hoʻohaʻahaʻa wale ia iā lākou." ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ma India, ua inu ka poʻe mai loko mai o nā kīʻaha keleawe no nā tausani makahiki. ʻOiai ma ʻaneʻi ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, lawe mai kahi laina keleawe i kāu wai inu. He mea kūlohelohe, passive, antimicrobial ke keleawe. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ponoʻī i kona ʻili me ka ʻole o ka pono o ka uila a i ʻole ka bleach.
Ua piʻi nui ke keleawe i ka wā o ka Industrial Revolution ma ke ʻano he mea no nā mea, nā mea paʻa, a me nā hale. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ke keleawe i nā pūnaewele mana—ʻo ka mākeke keleawe, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke ulu nei no ka mea he alakaʻi maikaʻi loa ia mea. Akā ua hoʻokuke ʻia ka mea mai nā noi hale he nui e kahi nalu o nā mea hou mai ke kenekulia 20. ʻO nā palakiko, ke aniani i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, ka alumini, a me ke kila kila nā mea o ke au hou—i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea āpau mai ka hoʻolālā hale a hiki i nā huahana Apple. Ua hele nā puka puka keleawe a me nā lima lima i ke ʻano i ka wā i koho ai nā mea kālai hale a me nā mea hoʻolālā i nā mea ʻoi aku ka nani (a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kumukūʻai).
I kēia manawa, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Keevil ua hiki i ka manawa e hoʻihoʻi mai i ke keleawe i nā wahi ākea, a me nā haukapila ma ke ʻano kūikawā. I ke alo o kahi wā e hiki mai ana i piha i nā maʻi ahulau honua, pono mākou e hoʻohana i ke keleawe i ka mālama ola, ka halihali lehulehu, a me ko mākou mau home. A ʻoiai ua lohi loa ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka COVID-19, ʻaʻole i ka wā mua loa e noʻonoʻo ai i kā mākou maʻi ahulau e hiki mai ana. ʻO nā pono o ke keleawe, ua helu ʻia
Ua pono mākou e ʻike i ka mea e hiki mai ana, a ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike kekahi.
I ka makahiki 1983, ua kākau ʻo Phyllis J. Kuhn, he mea noiʻi lapaʻau, i ka loiloi mua o ka nalo ʻana o ke keleawe āna i ʻike ai ma nā haukapila. I ka wā o kahi hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma ke kikowaena Lapaʻau ʻo Hamot ma Pittsburgh, ua holoi nā haumāna i nā ʻili like ʻole a puni ka haukapila, me nā kīʻaha lua a me nā pihi puka. Ua ʻike ʻo ia ua maʻemaʻe nā lua i nā microbes, ʻoiai kekahi o nā mea paʻa ua lepo loa a ulu nā bacteria weliweli i ka wā e ʻae ʻia ai e hoʻonui ma nā papa agar.
"ʻO nā ʻūpā puka kila kila a me nā papa paʻi e nānā pono ana i ka maʻemaʻe ma ka puka o ka haukapila. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā ʻūpā puka a me nā papa paʻi i hana ʻia me ke keleawe i poni ʻia e nānā haumia a haumia," i kākau ai ʻo ia i kēlā manawa. "Akā, ʻoiai ke poni ʻia, ʻo ke keleawe—he metala maʻamau he 67% keleawe a me 33% zinc—[pepehi i ka bacteria], ʻoiai ʻo ke kila kila—ma kahi o 88% hao a me 12% chromium—ʻaʻole ia e pale iki i ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria."
I ka hopena, ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i kāna pepa me kahi hopena maʻalahi no ka ʻōnaehana mālama ola holoʻokoʻa e hahai ai. "Inā e hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ana kāu haukapila, e hoʻāʻo e mālama i nā lako keleawe kahiko a i ʻole e hana hou ʻia; inā he lako kila kila kou, e hōʻoia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻoiai ma nā wahi mālama koʻikoʻi."
He mau makahiki ma hope mai, a me ke kālā mai ka Copper Development Association (kahi hui kālepa ʻoihana keleawe), ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Keevil i ka noiʻi a Kuhn. Ma ka hana ʻana ma kāna keʻena hoʻokolohua me kekahi o nā pathogens weliweli loa ma ka honua, ua hōʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole wale ke keleawe e pepehi pono i ka bacteria; pepehi pū ia i nā virus.
Ma ka hana a Keevil, hoʻoluʻu ʻo ia i kahi pā keleawe i loko o ka waiʻona e hoʻomaʻemaʻe iā ia. A laila hoʻoluʻu ʻo ia i loko o ka acetone e hoʻopau i nā aila ʻē aʻe. A laila hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i kahi ʻāpana pathogen ma luna o ka ʻili. I loko o kekahi mau manawa ua maloʻo. Noho ka laʻana no kekahi mau minuke a i kekahi mau lā. A laila lūlū ʻo ia i loko o kahi pahu piha i nā momi aniani a me kahi wai. ʻOki nā momi i nā bacteria a me nā virus i loko o ka wai, a hiki ke laʻana ʻia ka wai e ʻike i ko lākou alo. I nā hihia ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i nā ʻano microscopy e hiki ai iā ia ke nānā - a hoʻopaʻa - i kahi pathogen e luku ʻia e ke keleawe i ka manawa e pā ai i ka ʻili.
Ua like ka hopena me he mea kilokilo lā, wahi āna, akā i kēia manawa, ʻo ka hanana e pāʻani nei he ʻepekema i maopopo maikaʻi ʻia. Ke pā mai kahi maʻi a bacteria paha i ka pā, ua piha ia me nā ion keleawe. Komo kēlā mau ion i loko o nā cell a me nā virus e like me nā pōkā. ʻAʻole pepehi wale ke keleawe i kēia mau pathogens; luku ia iā lākou, a hiki i nā waikawa nucleic, a i ʻole nā kikowaena hānau, i loko.
"ʻAʻohe manawa kūpono o ka mutation [a i ʻole ka evolution] no ka mea ua luku ʻia nā genes āpau," wahi a Keevil. "ʻO ia kekahi o nā pono maoli o ke keleawe." I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke keleawe ʻaʻole ia e hele mai me ka pilikia o, e ʻōlelo, ke kuhikuhi nui ʻana i nā antibiotics. He manaʻo maikaʻi wale nō ia.
Ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma ke ao maoli, hōʻike ke keleawe i kona waiwai Ma waho o ka hale hana hoʻokolohua, ua nānā nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe inā he ʻokoʻa ke keleawe i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai i nā pōʻaiapili lapaʻau maoli - ʻo ia hoʻi nā pihi puka haukapila no kekahi, akā ʻo nā wahi e like me nā moena haukapila, nā lima noho malihini, a me nā kū IV. I ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻohālikelike nā mea noiʻi e hana ana ma kahi haʻawina a ke Keʻena Palekana i nā helu maʻi ma ʻekolu mau haukapila, a ua ʻike ʻia i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā mea hoʻohui keleawe ma ʻekolu mau haukapila, ua hoʻemi ʻia nā helu maʻi ma 58%. Ua hana ʻia kahi noiʻi like i ka makahiki 2016 i loko o kahi keʻena mālama koʻikoʻi pediatric, kahi i hōʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka helu maʻi.
Akā pehea ke kumukūʻai? ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o ke keleawe ma mua o ka plastik a i ʻole ka alumini, a he koho pipiʻi pinepine ia ma mua o ke kila. Akā, no ka mea, ʻo nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka haukapila ke kumukūʻai nei i ka ʻōnaehana mālama ola e like me $45 biliona i ka makahiki—ʻaʻole e haʻi aku i ka pepehi ʻana i 90,000 poʻe—he mea liʻiliʻi ke kumukūʻai hoʻonui keleawe i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana.
ʻO Keevil, ka mea i loaʻa ʻole ke kālā mai ka ʻoihana keleawe, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia ua hāʻule ke kuleana i nā mea kālai hale e koho i ke keleawe i nā papahana hale hou. ʻO ke keleawe ka mea mua (a ʻo ia ka mea hope loa) i ʻae ʻia e ka EPA. (Ua hoʻāʻo nā ʻoihana ma ka ʻoihana kālā a ʻaʻole i hiki ke koi aku he antimicrobial ia, a ua alakaʻi maoli i kahi uku EPA.) Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa nā hui ʻoihana keleawe ma mua o 400 mau mea hao keleawe me ka EPA a hiki i kēia lā. "Ua hōʻike mākou ua like ka maikaʻi o ke keleawe-nickel me ke keleawe i ka pepehi ʻana i nā bacteria a me nā virus," wahi āna. ʻAʻole pono ke keleawe nickel e like me ka pū kahiko; ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ke kila kila.
No nā hale ʻē aʻe o ka honua i hoʻoponopono hou ʻole ʻia e haehae i nā mea keleawe kahiko, he ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kā Keevil: "Mai wehe iā lākou, ʻoiai ʻoe e hana ai. ʻO kēia nā mea maikaʻi loa āu i loaʻa ai."
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-25-2021