| MEA | ED | RA |
| Kaʻina hana→Kaʻina hana→Ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia →Ka mānoanoa →Ka laulā kiʻekiʻe → Loaʻahuhū →Lapaʻau ʻili | ʻO ke ʻano hoʻopalapala kemikaHoʻolālā kolamu 6μm ~ 140μm 1340mm (maʻamau 1290mm) Paʻakikī Moena ʻālohilohi pālua / moena hoʻokahi / moena pālua | ʻO ke ʻano ʻōwili kinoʻAno pōʻai 6μm ~ 100μm 650mm Paʻakikī / palupalu Māmā hoʻokahi / kukui pālua |
| E hana ana Ka pilikia | Pōkole kaʻina hana a me ke kaʻina hana maʻalahi | ʻO ke kaʻina hana lōʻihi a me ke kaʻina hana paʻakikī |
| Paʻakikī ka hana ʻana | ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka huahana, ʻoi aku ka palupalu, maʻalahi ke haki | ʻO ke kūlana huahana hiki ke mālama ʻia, ductility maikaʻi loa, maʻalahi e hoʻoheheʻe |
| Nā noi | Hoʻohana maʻamau ia i nā ʻoihana e koi ana i ka conductivity uila, conductivity thermal, dissipation wela, pale, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. | Hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka conductive kiʻekiʻe, hoʻopau wela a me nā huahana pale. He ductility maikaʻi nā huahana a maʻalahi ke hana a me ke ʻano. ʻO ka mea i koho ʻia no nā mea uila waena a kiʻekiʻe. |
| Pono Pili | Pōkole kaʻina hana a me ke kaʻina hana maʻalahi. ʻO ka laulā ākea e maʻalahi ka mālama ʻana i nā koina hana. A he haʻahaʻa loa ke kumukūʻai hana a maʻalahi ke kumukūʻai no ka mākeke e ʻae. ʻO ka ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka mānoanoa, ʻoi aku ka maopopo o ka pono o ke kumukūʻai keleawe electrolytic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka foil keleawe calendered. | Ma muli o ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka nui o ka huahana, kūpono ia i nā huahana me nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ka ductility a me ka maʻalahi. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka conductivity uila a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wela ma mua o ka mea o ka electrolytic copper foil. Hiki ke hoʻomaluʻia ka moku'āina o ka huahana e ke kaʻina hana, kahi e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻokōʻana i nā koi hana o nā mea kūʻai. He ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lōʻihi a me ke kūpaʻa luhi, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mea maka e lawe i ke ola lawelawe lōʻihi i nā huahana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. |
| Nā hemahema pili | ʻAʻohe ductility, paʻakikī ka hana ʻana a maikaʻi ʻole ka lōʻihi. | Aia nā kapu i ka laulā o ka hana, nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me nā pōʻai hana lōʻihi. |
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-16-2021